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Air-independent propulsion (AIP), or air-independent power, is any marine propulsion technology that allows a non-nuclear submarine to operate without access to atmospheric oxygen (by surfacing or using a snorkel). AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels.
The Type 214 is a class of diesel–electric submarines developed exclusively for export by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbH (HDW). [1] It features diesel propulsion with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells.
Air-independent propulsion – Propulsion system for submarines which operates without access to atmospheric oxygen; Astern propulsion – Use of a ship's propelling mechanism to develop thrust in a retrograde direction; Combined nuclear and steam propulsion – Class of Russian battlecruisers
PNS/M Hamza (S-139) is a diesel-electric fast-attack submarine equipped with an air–independent propulsion system and the third submarine of her Agosta 90B/Khalid-class submarine. [1] She was designed and constructed by the KSEW Ltd. under the technology transfer agreement with France in 1994.
The German Type 212 submarine was the first series production submarine to use fuel cells for air-independent propulsion. It is powered by nine 34-kilowatt hydrogen fuel cells . Most small modern commercial submarines that are not expected to operate independently and use batteries that can be recharged by a mother-ship after every dive.
A Fateh-class submarine prototype with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) plug was on show by Iran's Defense Ministry in March 2024 during the DIMDEX 2024 exhibition, which was held in Doha from March 4–6, 2024. The French-based Naval Group and DRDO (India) decided to update the Scorpene-class Indian Navy submarine INS Kalvari in January 2023.
These two submarines were originally launched as Västergötland-class submarines in 1987 and 1990, and were relaunched as a new class after extensive modernization in 2003 and 2004 by Kockums AB. The pressure hull had been cut in two after the sail and a 12 m (39 ft 4 in) long new section with an air-independent propulsion system was inserted.
He designed submarines of the Dekabrist, Leninets, and Shchuka classes. Another milestone of the era came in 1935, when Central Design Bureau engineer S.A. Bazilevskiy proposed an air-independent propulsion system which allowed engine operation based on the closed cycle REDO in both surface and submerged submarine conditions. Experiments on ...