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  2. Osmoregulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoregulation

    Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.

  3. Diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusiophoresis_and_diff...

    Diffusioosmosis, also referred to as capillary osmosis, is flow of a solution relative to a fixed wall or pore surface, where the flow is driven by a concentration gradient in the solution. This is distinct from flow relative to a surface driven by a gradient in the hydrostatic pressure in the fluid.

  4. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    Reverse osmosis is a more economical way to concentrate liquids (such as fruit juices) than conventional heat-treatment. Concentration of orange and tomato juice has advantages including a lower operating cost and the ability to avoid heat-treatment, which makes it suitable for heat-sensitive substances such as protein and enzymes .

  5. Solar-powered desalination unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-powered_desalination...

    Solar energy overcomes the usually high-energy operating costs as well as greenhouse emissions of conventional reverse osmosis systems. ROSI can also remove trace contaminants such as arsenic and uranium that may cause certain health problems, and minerals such as calcium carbonate which causes water hardness. [5]

  6. Membrane fouling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_fouling

    Fouling of a membrane in different steps 1–5. 1) virgin membrane 2) pore narrowing 3) pore blocking 4) cake layer formation 5) cleaned membrane Membrane fouling is a process whereby a solution or a particle is deposited on a membrane surface or in membrane pores in a processes such as in a membrane bioreactor, [1] reverse osmosis, [2] forward osmosis, [3] membrane distillation, [4 ...

  7. Cytolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytolysis

    It occurs in a hypotonic environment, where water moves into the cell by osmosis and causes its volume to increase to the point where the volume exceeds the membrane's capacity and the cell bursts. The presence of a cell wall prevents the membrane from bursting, so cytolysis only occurs in animal and protozoa cells which do not have cell walls.

  8. Forward osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_osmosis

    Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that, like reverse osmosis ... unlike conventional reverse osmosis desalination plants where fouling is often a problem. ...

  9. Osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis

    The process of osmosis over a semipermeable membrane.The blue dots represent particles driving the osmotic gradient. Osmosis (/ ɒ z ˈ m oʊ s ɪ s /, US also / ɒ s-/) [1] is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low water potential ...

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