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Side effects of alcohols applied to the skin include skin irritation. [2] Care should be taken with electrocautery, as ethanol is flammable. [1] Types of alcohol used include ethanol, denatured ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropyl alcohol. [6] [7] Alcohols are effective against a range of microorganisms, though they do not inactivate spores. [7]
Alcohols are commonly used as disinfectants and antiseptics. Alcohols kill vegetative bacteria, most viruses and fungi. Ethyl alcohol, n-propanol and isopropyl alcohol are the most commonly used antimicrobial agents. [50] Methanol is also a disinfecting agent but is not generally used as it is highly poisonous.
Isopropyl rubbing alcohols contain from 50% to 99% by volume of isopropyl alcohol, the remainder consisting of water. Boiling points vary with the proportion of isopropyl alcohol from 80 to 83 °C (176 to 181 °F); likewise, freezing points vary from −32 to −50 °C (−26 to −58 °F). [6] Surgical spirit BP boils at 80 °C (176 °F). [7]
Isopropyl alcohol will kill 99.99% or more of all non-spore forming bacteria in less than 30 seconds, both in the laboratory and on human skin. [ 26 ] [ 32 ] In too low quantities (0.3 ml) or concentrations (below 60%), the alcohol in hand sanitizers may not have the 10–15 seconds exposure time required to denature proteins and lyse cells. [ 4 ]
Disinfectants can also be used to destroy microorganisms on the skin and mucous membrane, as in the medical dictionary historically the word simply meant that it destroys microbes. [4] [5] [6] Sanitizers are substances that simultaneously clean and disinfect. [7] Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers. [8]
However, alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use can increase toxin exposure and can dehydrate the skin, leading to skin sensitivity, dark spots, acne and dryness. Too much alcohol, second-hand smoke ...
Skin disinfection may be accomplished with a number of solutions including providone-iodine, chlorhexidine, alcohol based solutions, and cetrimide. [2] There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine and denatured alcohol use to clean skin prior to surgery is better than any other commercially available antiseptic, such as povidone-iodine with alcohol.
They are used to disinfect the skin before injections, among other uses. Diguanides including chlorhexidine gluconate , a bacteriocidal antiseptic which (with an alcoholic solvent) is considered a safe and effective antiseptic for reducing the risk of infection after clean surgery, [ 11 ] including tourniquet-controlled upper limb surgery. [ 12 ]
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