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To generate a member of the sequence from the previous member, read off the digits of the previous member, counting the number of digits in groups of the same digit. For example: 1 is read off as "one 1" or 11. 11 is read off as "two 1s" or 21. 21 is read off as "one 2, one 1" or 1211. 1211 is read off as "one 1, one 2, two 1s" or 111221.
The next number in the sequence (the smallest number of additive persistence 5) is 2 × 10 2×(10 22 − 1)/9 − 1 (that is, 1 followed by 2222222222222222222222 9's).
An infinite series of any rational function of can be reduced to a finite series of polygamma functions, by use of partial fraction decomposition, [8] as explained here. This fact can also be applied to finite series of rational functions, allowing the result to be computed in constant time even when the series contains a large number of terms.
In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, an addition of infinitely many terms, one after the other. [1] The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis. Series are used in most areas of mathematics, even for studying finite structures in combinatorics through generating functions.
Furthermore, the mean value of the series can be calculated via: /: a ¯ = a 1 + a n 2 . {\displaystyle {\overline {a}}={\frac {a_{1}+a_{n}}{2}}.} The formula is essentially the same as the formula for the mean of a discrete uniform distribution , interpreting the arithmetic progression as a set of equally probable outcomes.
The subset sum problem (SSP) is a decision problem in computer science. In its most general formulation, there is a multiset S {\displaystyle S} of integers and a target-sum T {\displaystyle T} , and the question is to decide whether any subset of the integers sum to precisely T {\displaystyle T} . [ 1 ]
Informally, a sequence has a limit if the elements of the sequence become closer and closer to some value (called the limit of the sequence), and they become and remain arbitrarily close to , meaning that given a real number greater than zero, all but a finite number of the elements of the sequence have a distance from less than .
The machine will perform the following three steps on any odd number until only one 1 remains: Append 1 to the (right) end of the number in binary (giving 2n + 1); Add this to the original number by binary addition (giving 2n + 1 + n = 3n + 1); Remove all trailing 0 s (that is, repeatedly divide by 2 until the result is odd).