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2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions.
The relative rates at which different halogens react vary considerably: [citation needed] fluorine (108) > chlorine (1) > bromine (7 × 10 −11) > iodine (2 × 10 −22).. Radical fluorination with the pure element is difficult to control and highly exothermic; care must be taken to prevent an explosion or a runaway reaction.
tert-Amyl chloride (2-methyl-2-butyl chloride) is an alkyl chloride used for flavoring and odorizing. [2] At room temperature, it is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is an isomer of 1-chloropentane ( n -amyl chloride).
CH 2 =CHCO 2 H Propiolic acid: propynoic acid propargylic acid acetylene carboxylic acid CH≡CCO 2 H Lactic acid: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid milk acid CH 3 CHOHCO 2 H 3-Hydroxypropionic acid: 3-hydroxypropanoic acid hydracrylic acid CH 2 OHCH 2 CO 2 H Glyceric acid: 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic acid CH 2 OHCHOHCO 2 H Pyruvic acid: 2-oxopropanoic acid ...
For example, the industrial production of chloroethane proceeds by the reaction of ethylene with HCl: H 2 C=CH 2 + HCl → CH 3 CH 2 Cl. In oxychlorination, hydrogen chloride instead of the more expensive chlorine is used for the same purpose: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 HCl + 1 ⁄ 2 O 2 → ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl + H 2 O.
The standard preparation for n-BuLi is reaction of 1-bromobutane or 1-chlorobutane with Li metal: [3] 2 Li + C 4 H 9 X → C 4 H 9 Li + LiX (X = Cl, Br) If the lithium used for this reaction contains 1–3% sodium, the reaction proceeds more quickly than if pure lithium is used.
The overall reaction, therefore, is: (CH 3) 3 COH + HCl → (CH 3) 3 CCl + H 2 O. Because tert-butanol is a tertiary alcohol, the relative stability of the tert-butyl carbocation in the step 2 allows the S N 1 mechanism to be followed, whereas a primary alcohol would follow an S N 2 mechanism.
The compound can also be prepared by hydrogenation of magnesium, followed by reaction with 1-butene. [1] It is also possible to prepare dibutylmagnesium using 2-chlorobutane, magnesium powder, and n-butyllithium. [4]