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  2. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    In epidemiology, one type is "confounding by indication", [19] which relates to confounding from observational studies. Because prognostic factors may influence treatment decisions (and bias estimates of treatment effects), controlling for known prognostic factors may reduce this problem, but it is always possible that a forgotten or unknown ...

  3. Recall bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_bias

    Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] For example, in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than members of the unaffected ...

  4. We Were Wrong To Panic About Secondhand Smoke (opinion) - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/were-wrong-panic-secondhand...

    In our long careers publishing on a wide variety of topics in epidemiology, ... confounding variables, publication bias, and other potential biases. The news media, public health authorities, and ...

  5. Propensity score matching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propensity_score_matching

    The stronger the confounding of treatment and covariates, and hence the stronger the bias in the analysis of the naive treatment effect, the better the covariates predict whether a unit is treated or not. By having units with similar propensity scores in both treatment and control, such confounding is reduced.

  6. Bradford Hill criteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Hill_criteria

    Considering confounding factors and bias. [8] Using Hill’s criteria as a guide, but not considering them to give definitive conclusions. [9] Separating causal association and interventions, because interventions in public health are more complex than can be evaluated by use of Hill’s criteria [10]

  7. Epidemiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology

    Confounding has traditionally been defined as bias arising from the co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors, referred to as confounders, with the main effect(s) of interest. [ 71 ] [ 74 ] A more recent definition of confounding invokes the notion of counterfactual effects. [ 74 ]

  8. Matching (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_(statistics)

    Overmatching, or post-treatment bias, is matching for an apparent mediator that actually is a result of the exposure. [12] If the mediator itself is stratified, an obscured relation of the exposure to the disease would highly be likely to be induced. [13] Overmatching thus causes statistical bias. [13]

  9. Type I and type II errors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors

    Bias and Confounding – presentation by Nigel Paneth, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at ...