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Instructional design (ID), also known as instructional systems design and originally known as instructional systems development (ISD), is the practice of systematically designing, developing and delivering instructional materials and experiences, both digital and physical, in a consistent and reliable fashion toward an efficient, effective, appealing, engaging and inspiring acquisition of ...
The Knirk & Gustafson Instructional Design Model is an instructional model that was developed by Frederick G. Knirk and Kent L. Gustafson in 1986. Their model has three stages: Problem determination; Design; Development; Knirk is an author in the field of education and instructional design and Gustafson was a professor at the University of Georgia
Pavlis Korres (2010), in her instructional model (ESG Framework), [10] has proposed an expanded version of ADDIE, named ADDIE+M, where Μ=Maintenance of the Learning Community Network after the end of a course. The Maintenance of the Learning Community Network is a modern educational process that supports the continuous educational development ...
Ely also published and co-authored several journal articles and books and founded the ERIC Clearinghouse on information and technology. As an Educator, he was an advocate for instructional technology. Gerlach and Ely co-authored Teaching and the media, A systematic Approach (1971) where they introduced the Gerlach and Ely Instructional design ...
Originating in the United States in the late 1970s, instructional theory is influenced by three basic theories in educational thought: behaviorism, the theory that helps us understand how people conform to predetermined standards; cognitivism, the theory that learning occurs through mental associations; and constructivism, the theory explores the value of human activity as a critical function ...
There is a growing body of research support for Merrill's First Principles of Instruction. In one study, researchers surveyed 140 students at 89 different higher education institutions and discovered that students were 9 times more likely to report that they had mastered learning the course objectives when First Principles of Instruction were used and when they spent ample time and effort ...
The aims of the course are stated in terms which are objective, and can be measured. A pre-test is given, or the initial behaviour is stated. A post-test is provided. The materials have been tried out and revised according to results (developmental testing). The materials are constructed according to a predetermined scheme (stimulus control).
Instructional design is the design of learning experiences and instructions for the acquisition of knowledge and skill by students. [7] In addition, instructional design models or theories may be thought of as frameworks for developing courses, modules and lessons that increase and enhance learning and encourage engagement . [8]