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  2. Mass fraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)

    Mass fraction can also be expressed, with a denominator of 100, as percentage by mass (in commercial contexts often called percentage by weight, abbreviated wt.% or % w/w; see mass versus weight). It is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture in a dimensionless size ; mole fraction (percentage by moles , mol%) and volume fraction ...

  3. Mass concentration (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)

    In chemistry, the mass concentration ρ i (or γ i) is defined as the mass of a constituent m i divided by the volume of the mixture V. [1]= For a pure chemical the mass concentration equals its density (mass divided by volume); thus the mass concentration of a component in a mixture can be called the density of a component in a mixture.

  4. Lever rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_rule

    In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (x i) or the mass fraction (w i) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram.It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line.

  5. Volume fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_fraction

    It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the latter is expressed with a denominator of 100, e.g., 18%. The volume fraction coincides with the volume concentration in ideal solutions where the volumes of the constituents are additive (the volume of the solution is equal to the sum of the volumes of its ingredients).

  6. Mole fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_fraction

    When expressed in percent, it is known as the mole percent or molar percentage (unit symbol %, sometimes "mol%", equivalent to cmol/mol for 10-2). The mole fraction is called amount fraction by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) [ 1 ] and amount-of-substance fraction by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and ...

  7. Concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration

    In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. [1]

  8. Mass balance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_balance

    At 15 percent excess air, the AFR = 16.75, and the mass of the combustion product gas is 17.75 kg, which contains 0.505 kg of excess oxygen. The combustion gas thus contains 2.84 percent O 2 by mass. The relationships between percent excess air and % O

  9. Green chemistry metrics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry_metrics

    A metric similar to reaction mass efficiency is the effective mass efficiency, as suggested by Hudlicky et al. [9] It is defined as the percentage of the mass of the desired product relative to the mass of all non-benign reagents used in its synthesis. The reagents here may include any used reactant, solvent or catalyst.