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A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. [1] Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone .
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the growth differentiation factor 11 gene. [5] GDF11 is a member of the Transforming growth factor beta family. [6] GDF11 acts as a cytokine and its sequence is highly conserved between in humans, mice and ...
Growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2) also known as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF2 gene. [5] GDF2 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily .
Toxic units (TU) are used in the field of toxicology to quantify the interactions of toxicants in binary mixtures of chemicals. [1] A toxic unit for a given compound is based on the concentration at which there is a 50% effect (ex. EC50) for a certain biological endpoint.
These growth factors' interactions through intracellular signal transducers like β-catenin has been shown to induce metastatic potential. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] A characteristic of EMT is loss of the epithelial markers (E-cadherin, cytokeratins, claudin, occluding, desmoglein, desmocolin) and gain of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin).
PDGF subunits -A and -B are important factors regulating cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, cell growth, development and many diseases including cancer. [2] There are two forms of the PDGF-R, alpha and beta each encoded by a different gene. [3] Depending on which growth factor is bound, PDGF-R homo- or heterodimerizes. [4]
A thermal ellipsoid model of one stable conformation of the organic molecule, diphenyl ether, formulae C 12 H 10 O or (C 6 H 5) 2 O, abbreviated Ph 2 O.Carbons (C) are shown in black, hydrogens (H) in grey-white, and the oxygen (O) in red.
Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDGFA gene. [5] [6] The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family. The four members of this family are mitogenic factors for cells of mesenchymal origin and are characterized by a motif of eight cysteines.