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Mandarin Chinese is the most popular dialect, and is used as a lingua franca across China. Linguists classify these varieties as the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family . Within this broad classification, there are between seven and fourteen dialect groups, depending on the classification.
The Middle Chinese off-glides /j/ and /w/ are generally preserved in Mandarin dialects, yielding several diphthongs and triphthongs in contrast to the larger sets of monophthongs common in other dialect groups (and some widely scattered Mandarin dialects). [98] The Middle Chinese coda /m/ was still present in Old Mandarin, but has merged with ...
Some dialects of Zhongyuan Mandarin preserve the coda /ʔ/. They are typically deleted in erhua like with the codas /i/ and /n/. Some dialects distinguish pairs like -ir/-inr and -ür/-ünr, making words like 鸡儿 jīr 'little chicken' and 今儿 jīnr 'today' different. For example, in Huojia, the former is /tɕiʵ/ while the latter is ...
Dialect changed to Mandarin pronunciation. For example: the pronunciation of "傾" in “傾家蕩産” (go bankrupt) is pronounced as the northern dialect keng1 in the "Mandarin Dictionary" (國語字典), and is pronounced as qing1 in the "Table of Mandarin Words with Variant Pronunciation". Change form.
As the political and cultural capital of China, Beijing has held much historical significance as a city, and its speech has held sway as a lingua franca.Being officially selected to form the basis of the phonology of Standard Mandarin has further contributed to its status as a prestige dialect, or sometimes the prestige dialect of Chinese.
For example, in Mandarin, the tones resulting from the split of Middle Chinese rising and departing tones merged, leaving four tones. Furthermore, final stop consonants disappeared in most Mandarin dialects, and such syllables were distributed amongst the four remaining tones in a manner that is only partially predictable. [123]
Loanwords have entered written and spoken Chinese from many sources, including ancient peoples whose descendants now speak Chinese. In addition to phonetic differences, varieties of Chinese such as Cantonese and Shanghainese often have distinct words and phrases left from their original languages which they continue to use in daily life and sometimes even in Mandarin.
Quite a few words from Old Chinese have retained the original meanings for thousands of years, while their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use or varied to different meanings. This table shows some Fuzhou dialect words from Old Chinese, as contrasted to Mandarin Chinese:
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