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The traditional Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Mongolian language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese. Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty ( c. 1269 ), Kublai Khan asked a Tibetan monk, Drogön Chögyal Phagpa , to design a new script for use by the whole empire.
The traditional Mongolian script, [note 1] also known as the Hudum Mongol bichig, [note 2] was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most widespread until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946.
The Galik script (Mongolian: Али-гали үсэг, Ali-gali üseg) is an extension to the traditional Mongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh ( Mongolian : Аюуш гүүш ), inspired by the third Dalai Lama , Sonam Gyatso .
The traditional alphabet has always been used there, although Cyrillic was considered briefly before the Sino-Soviet split. [134] There are two types of written Mongolian used in China: the traditional Mongolian script, which is official among Mongols nationwide, and the Clear Script, used predominantly among Oirats in Xinjiang. [135]
In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025. [5] [6] [7] In China, the Cyrillic alphabet is also used by Chinese for learning the modern Mongolian language, as well as by some Mongols in Inner Mongolia to demonstrate their ethnic identity. [8] [9]
The Clear Script [note 1] is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya Pandita for the Oirat language. [1] [2] [3] It was developed on the basis of the Mongolian script with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe Sanskrit and the Tibetic languages.
The Mongolian Latin script (Mongolian Cyrillic: Монгол Латин үсэг, Mongol Latin üseg; Mongolian Latin: Mongol Latiin ysyg; Traditional Mongolian script: ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ; IPA: [ˈmɔŋɡɔɮ ɮɑˈtin usəx]) was officially adopted in Mongolia in 1931.
Classical Mongolian was the literary language of Mongolian that was first introduced shortly after 1600, when Ligdan Khan set his clergy the task of translating the whole of the Tibetan Buddhist canon, consisting of the Kangyur and Tengyur, into Mongolian. [1] This script then became the established literary language used for all Mongolian ...