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  2. File:Chinese (Mandarin).pdf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_(Mandarin).pdf

    English: This is a PDF file of the Mandarin Chinese Wikibook, edited to include only the Introduction, Pronunciation and complete or somewhat complete lessons (Lessons 1-6). Does not include the Appendices, Stroke Order pages, or the Traditional character pages.

  3. Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_of_Chinese_as_a...

    The TOCFL Speaking test adopts a holistic scoring approach, taking into account the content, fluency, and language skills of the test taker. The results are presented in the form of scale scores. The objective is mainly to assess the competence of the test takers to effectively accomplish the communication tasks verbally in different language ...

  4. Mandarin Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese

    我 wǒ I 给 gěi give 你 nǐ you 一本 yìběn a 书 shū book [我給你一本書] 我 给 你 一本 书 wǒ gěi nǐ yìběn shū I give you a book In southern dialects, as well as many southwestern and Lower Yangtze dialects, the objects occur in the reverse order. Most varieties of Chinese use post-verbal particles to indicate aspect, but the particles used vary. Most Mandarin ...

  5. Putonghua Proficiency Test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua_Proficiency_Test

    Candidates who pass the test are given a Certificate of Putonghua Proficiency Level at levels 1, 2 or 3, each of which is subdivided into grades A and B: [8] [9] Level 1-A (97% correct) is required for presenters in national and provincial radio and television.

  6. Beijing dialect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_dialect

    The Dungan language is a Sinitic language derived from Mandarin spoken throughout Central Asia, particularly in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Speakers like Dungan poet and scholar Iasyr Shivaza and others have reported that Chinese who speak the Beijing dialect could understand Dungan, but Dungans could not understand Beijing Mandarin.

  7. Standard Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese

    Standard Chinese (simplified Chinese: 现代标准汉语; traditional Chinese: 現代標準漢語; pinyin: Xiàndài biāozhǔn hànyǔ; lit. 'modern standard Han speech') is a modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese that was first codified during the republican era (1912–1949).

  8. Data Dump Wednesday: 10 stats to know for Week 16 - AOL

    www.aol.com/sports/data-dump-wednesday-10-stats...

    Week 15 has come and gone. Time to set our sights for Week 16 and the fantasy postseason. Matt Harmon and Sal Vetri are back for another 'Data Dump Wednesday' by sharing 10 data points you need to ...

  9. Language shift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift

    Language shift, also known as language transfer, language replacement or language assimilation, is the process whereby a speech community shifts to a different language, usually over an extended period of time.