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  2. Markov's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov's_principle

    Markov's principle (also known as the Leningrad principle [1]), named after Andrey Markov Jr, is a conditional existence statement for which there are many equivalent formulations, as discussed below. The principle is logically valid classically, but not in intuitionistic constructive mathematics. However, many particular instances of it are ...

  3. Markovnikov's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovnikov's_rule

    The rule states that with the addition of a protic acid HX or other polar reagent to an asymmetric alkene, the acid hydrogen (H) or electropositive part gets attached to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents, and the halide (X) group or electronegative part gets attached to the carbon with more alkyl substituents.

  4. Markov's inequality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov's_inequality

    In probability theory, Markov's inequality gives an upper bound on the probability that a non-negative random variable is greater than or equal to some positive constant. Markov's inequality is tight in the sense that for each chosen positive constant, there exists a random variable such that the inequality is in fact an equality.

  5. Causal Markov condition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_Markov_condition

    The related Causal Markov (CM) condition states that, conditional on the set of all its direct causes, a node is independent of all variables which are not effects or direct causes of that node. [3] In the event that the structure of a Bayesian network accurately depicts causality , the two conditions are equivalent.

  6. Markov theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_theorem

    More precisely Markov's theorem can be stated as follows: [2] [3] given two braids represented by elements , ′ in the braid groups ,, their closures are equivalent links if and only if ′ can be obtained from applying to a sequence of the following operations:

  7. Markov chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain

    Toggle Principles subsection. 1.1 Definition. ... Download as PDF; ... a Markov chain or Markov process is a stochastic process describing a sequence of possible ...

  8. Subcountability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcountability

    In the appropriate context with Markov's principle, the converse is equivalent to the law of excluded middle, i.e. that for all proposition holds . In particular, constructively this converse direction does not generally hold.

  9. Markov decision process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process

    The "Markov" in "Markov decision process" refers to the underlying structure of state transitions that still follow the Markov property. The process is called a "decision process" because it involves making decisions that influence these state transitions, extending the concept of a Markov chain into the realm of decision-making under uncertainty.