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  2. Expected return - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_return

    The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment). It is a measure of the center of the distribution of the random variable that is the return. [1] It is calculated by using the following formula:

  3. Grinold and Kroner Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinold_and_Kroner_Model

    is the expected inflation rate g {\displaystyle g} is the real growth rate in earnings (note that by adding real growth and inflation, this is basically identical to just adding nominal growth) Δ S {\displaystyle \Delta S} is the changes in shares outstanding (i.e. increases in shares outstanding decrease expected returns)

  4. Equity risk - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_risk

    By deducting the projected expected return of risk-free bonds from the estimated expected return of stocks, the risk premium can be calculated. For example, if the return on a stock is 17% and the risk-free rate over the same period of time is 9%, then the equity-risk premium would be 8% for the stock over that period of time. [5]

  5. Calculating the Expected Return of a Portfolio

    www.aol.com/news/calculating-expected-return...

    An investment’s “expected return” is a critical number, but in theory it is fairly simple: It is the total amount of money you can expect to gain or lose on an investment with a predictable ...

  6. Cost of capital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital

    Given a number of competing investment opportunities, investors are expected to put their capital to work in order to maximize the return. In other words, the cost of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in the best alternative investment of equivalent risk; this is the opportunity cost of capital.

  7. Capital asset pricing model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_asset_pricing_model

    An estimation of the CAPM and the security market line (purple) for the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 3 years for monthly data.. In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.

  8. Markowitz model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowitz_model

    The Capital Market Line says that the return from a portfolio is the risk-free rate plus risk premium. Risk premium is the product of the market price of risk and the quantity of risk, and the risk is the standard deviation of the portfolio. The CML equation is : R P = I RF + (R M – I RF)σ P /σ M. where, R P = expected return of portfolio

  9. Risk premium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_premium

    CAPM uses investment risk and expected return to estimate a value for the investment. In Finance, CAPM is generally used to estimate the required rate of return for an equity. This required rate of return can then be used to estimate a price for the stock which can be done via a number of methods. [12] The formula for CAPM is: