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The concept of the black box is also important in actor–network theory as it relates to simplification. As Michel Callon notes, an actor-network is a system of discrete entities or nodes, while the reality that it represents is theoretically infinite. Therefore, in order to describe something in terms of an actor-network, complex systems must ...
Sublimation (German: Sublimierung) is the process of transforming libido into "socially useful" achievements, including artistic, cultural, and intellectual pursuits. Freud considered this psychical operation to be fairly salutary compared to the others that he identified, such as repression , displacement , denial , reaction formation ...
The open systems theory is the foundation of black box theory. Both have focus on input and output flows, representing exchanges with the surroundings. In systems theory, the black box is an abstraction representing a class of concrete open system which can be viewed solely in terms of its stimuli inputs and output reactions:
A black box is a device, object, or system whose inner workings are unknown; only the "stimuli inputs" and "output reactions" are known characteristics. Black box may also refer to: Science and technology
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By 1961, the day of chaos was called "Black Friday," though retailers and business owners fought to officially change it to "Big Friday." It wasn't until the mid-to-late '80s that the day became ...
In academic discourse, the usage of the term “black box” dates back to at least 1963 with Mario Bunge's work on a black box theory in mathematics. [18]The term “black box,” as used throughout The Black Box Society by author and law professor, Frank Pasquale, is a dual metaphor for a recording device such as a data-monitoring system and for a system whose inner workings are secret or ...
Some explanations of Black Friday claim that the holiday references a 19th-century term for the day after Thanksgiving, during which plantation owners could buy slaves at discount prices.