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1989: Thomas Cech discovered that RNA can catalyze chemical reactions, [60] making for one of the most important breakthroughs in molecular genetics, because it elucidates the true function of poorly understood segments of DNA. 1989: The human gene that encodes the CFTR protein was sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui.
A focus on new model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics. In the following years, chemists developed techniques for sequencing both nucleic acids and proteins, while many others worked out the relationship between ...
1961 – Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett and R.J. Watts-Tobin prove the triplet nature of the genetic code. 1961 – Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei deciphered the first codon of the genetic code. 1964 – Marshall W. Nirenberg and Philip Leder deciphered the rest of the genetic code.
2003: The Human Genome Project sequences the human genome with a 92% accuracy. [132] 2004: Ben Green and Terence Tao announce their proof on arithmetic progressions in prime numbers known as the Green–Tao Theorem. 2004: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov isolated graphene, a monolayer of carbon atoms, and studied its quantum electrical ...
Researchers report the deep learning-based discovery of nearly 200 functionally diverse natural machineries for CRISPR gene editing. [358] Researchers demonstrate multicellular microbots grown from a human cell, "anthrobots", that can move around in tissues in vitro. [359] Cell culture-based coffee [360] [361]
c. 50 – Aulus Cornelius Celsus died, leaving De Medicina, a medical encyclopedia; Book 3 covers mental diseases.The term insania, insanity, was first used by him. The methods of treatment included bleeding, frightening the patient, emetics, enemas, total darkness, and decoctions of poppy or henbane, and pleasant ones such as music therapy, travel, sport, reading aloud, and massage.
However, numerous discoveries in recent decades have pushed the timeline back even further. For example, archaeologists found older artifacts at a 14,500-year-old site in Chile.
Cave paintings (such as this one from France) represent a benchmark in the evolutionary history of human cognition. Victorian naturalist Charles Darwin was the first to propose the out-of-Africa hypothesis for the peopling of the world, [39] but the story of prehistoric human migration is now understood to be much more complex thanks to twenty-first-century advances in genomic sequencing.