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Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water. [6] Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide derived from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of S. spinosa. Spinosyns occur in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids) have been produced in the lab. [7]
The BNF for Children developed from the British National Formulary (BNF), which prior to 2005 had provided information on the treatment of children, with the doses largely determined by calculations based on the body weight of the child. The guidance was provided by pharmacists and doctors whose expertise was in the care of adults.
Pyriproxyfen is a pesticide which is found to be effective against a variety of insects. [3] It was introduced to the US in 1996, to protect cotton crops against whitefly.It has also been found useful for protecting other crops. [4]
Because imidacloprid binds much more strongly to insect neuron receptors than to mammal neuron receptors, this insecticide is more toxic to insects than to mammals. [3] From 1999 [4] through at least 2018, [5] [6] imidacloprid was the most widely used insecticide in the world.
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole insecticide class. [3] Fipronil disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking the ligand-gated ion channel of the GABA A receptor (IRAC group 2B) and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. This causes hyperexcitation of contaminated insects' nerves and muscles.
An insect growth regulator (IGR) is a chemical insecticide that kills insects indirectly by disrupting their life cycles. [1] The term was initially proposed to describe the effects of juvenile hormone analogs. [2] Although the term "insect growth disruptor" more accurately describes the actions of IGRs, it did not become widely used. [1]
With a global turnover of €1.5 billion in 2008, they represented 24% of the global insecticide market. The market grew from €155 million in 1990 to €5.50 billion in 2023. [32] Neonicotinoids make up as much as 43% of insecticide weight applied to seeds, [33] and accounted for 80% of all seed treatment sales in 2008. [34]
Exposure leads to reductions or reversals of normal gender differences. [56] Exposure to low levels of chlorpyrifos early in rat life or as adults also affects metabolism and body weight. [ 57 ] These rats show increased body weight as well as changes in liver function and chemical indicators similar to prediabetes, likely associated with ...