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Another test is specific for DNA from HPV types 16 and 18, the two types that cause most HPV-associated cancers. A third test can detect DNA from several high-risk HPV types and can indicate whether HPV-16 or HPV-18 is present. A fourth test detects RNA from the most common high-risk HPV types.
The highest-risk types are HPV 16 and 18; these are responsible for the vast majority of HPV-related cancers, including cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and head and neck.
The increase is seen particularly in young men in developed countries, and HPV-positive OPC now accounts for the majority of all OPC cases. Efforts are being made to reduce the incidence of HPV-positive OPC by introducing vaccination that includes HPV types 16 and 18, found in 95% of these cancers, before exposure to the virus. Early data ...
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.
Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 and 18, are strongly implicated in the development of SCC of the penis. Three carcinomas in situ are associated with SCCs of the penis: [citation needed] Bowen's disease presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around a third of cases progress to SCC.
[22]: 668 The vaccines are between 92% and 100% effective against HPV 16 and 18 up to at least 8 years. [50] HPV vaccines are typically given to age 9 to 26, as the vaccine is most effective if given before infection occurs. The primary target group in most of the countries recommending HPV vaccination is young adolescent girls, aged 9-14. [16]
[15] [16] HPV types 16 and 18 cause an estimated 70% of cervical cancers, [17] [18] and are responsible for most HPV-induced anal, [19] vulvar, vaginal, [20] and penile cancer cases. [19] HPV types 6 and 11 cause an estimated 90% of genital warts cases. [21] HPV type 16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers, [22 ...