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Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function. [1] There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity.
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside . [1] [2] The term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains amino sugar substructures.
The nephro- and ototoxicity are thought to be due to aminoglycosides' tendency to accumulate in the kidneys and inner ear. [8] Diagram of the inner ear. Amikacin causes damage to the cochlea and vestibules. Amikacin can cause neurotoxicity if used at a higher dose or for longer than recommended.
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin, avoparcin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin.
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections. [5] This may include bone infections, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis among others. [5]
Aminoglycosides and some chemotherapeutic agents are associated with both cochleotoxicity and vestibulotoxicity. They are thought to damage the hair cells of the cochlea. Long-term exposure to these drugs may cause damage that progresses to the upper turn of the cochlea, impairing hearing or even causing deafness. [6]
It is not recommended with streptomycin or other medications that may damage the auditory vestibular nerve. [1] It is not recommended during pregnancy as it may cause kidney or hearing problems in the baby. [1] Capreomycin is commonly grouped with the aminoglycoside family of medications. [2] How it works is unclear. [1]
Serious side effects include ringing in the ears or loss of hearing, toxicity to kidneys, and allergic reactions to the drug. [11] Ototoxicity is a common quality among aminoglycosides, and its rate of incidence in kanamycin is around 3-10%.