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  2. Nonprobability sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprobability_sampling

    Next, the researcher samples from the population of interest nonrandomly until the quotas are filled. [11] Studies intended to use probability sampling sometimes unintentionally end up using nonprobability samples because of characteristics of the sampling method. The statistical model used can also render the data a nonprobability sample. [12]

  3. Mathematical statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_statistics

    Examples are found in experiments whose sample space is non-numerical, where the distribution would be a categorical distribution; experiments whose sample space is encoded by discrete random variables, where the distribution can be specified by a probability mass function; and experiments with sample spaces encoded by continuous random ...

  4. Nested sampling algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_sampling_algorithm

    Here is a simple version of the nested sampling algorithm, followed by a description of how it computes the marginal probability density = where is or : Start with N {\displaystyle N} points θ 1 , … , θ N {\displaystyle \theta _{1},\ldots ,\theta _{N}} sampled from prior.

  5. Statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

    Statistics rarely give a simple Yes/No type answer to the question under analysis. Interpretation often comes down to the level of statistical significance applied to the numbers and often refers to the probability of a value accurately rejecting the null hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the p-value).

  6. Bayes classifier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes_classifier

    Assume that the conditional distribution of X, given that the label Y takes the value r is given by (=) =,, …, where "" means "is distributed as", and where denotes a probability distribution. A classifier is a rule that assigns to an observation X = x a guess or estimate of what the unobserved label Y = r actually was.

  7. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    Probability is the branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), ranging from 0% to ...

  8. Likelihood function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function

    [I]n 1922, I proposed the term 'likelihood,' in view of the fact that, with respect to [the parameter], it is not a probability, and does not obey the laws of probability, while at the same time it bears to the problem of rational choice among the possible values of [the parameter] a relation similar to that which probability bears to the ...

  9. Convenience sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_sampling

    The results of the convenience sampling cannot be generalized to the target population because of the potential bias of the sampling technique due to the under-representation of subgroups in the sample in comparison to the population of interest. The bias of the sample cannot be measured. Therefore, inferences based on convenience sampling ...

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    examples of nonprobability samplesnon probability sampling examples