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The role of the BNST in the acoustic startle reflex may be attributed to specific areas within the nucleus responsible for stress and anxiety responses. [12] Activation of the BNST by certain hormones is thought to promote a startle response [12] The auditory pathway for this response was largely elucidated in rats in the 1980s. [14]
For acoustic stimuli, monaural PPI is higher than binaural—the startle response is reduced when the stimulus (noise) is only experienced in one ear rather than both ears. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Even the very first prepulse of a test session induces inhibition, which indicates that conditioning and learning are not necessary for this effect to occur.
Hyperekplexia (/ ˌ h aɪ. p ər. ɛ k ˈ p l ɛ k. s i. ə /; "exaggerated surprise") is a neurological disorder characterized by a pronounced startle response to tactile or acoustic stimuli and an ensuing period of hypertonia. The hypertonia may be predominantly truncal, attenuated during sleep, or less prominent after one year of age.
Shivering — shaking of the body in response to early hypothermia in warm-blooded animals. Sneeze or sternutation — a convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs normally triggered by irritation of the nasal mucosa in the nose. Startle-evoked movement — involuntary initiation of a planned movement in response to a startling stimulus ...
Fear-potentiated startle (FPS) is a reflexive physiological reaction to a presented stimulus, and is an indicator of the fear reaction in an organism. The FPS response can be elicited in the face of any threatening stimulus (e.g., any object, person or situation that would cause someone to experience feelings of fear), but it can also be elicited by a neutral stimulus as a result of fear ...
In rodents, it has been shown to play a role in the acoustic startle response. [1] The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is rostral to the gigantocellular reticular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons.
The movement of the wings during flight also plays a role, since sound thresholds change with wing position. The neural mechanisms for triggering the acoustic startle response are partially understood. However, there is little known about the motor control of flight that ultrasound initiates. [7]
The acoustic reflex (also known as the stapedius reflex, [1] stapedial reflex, [2] auditory reflex, [3] middle-ear-muscle reflex (MEM reflex, MEMR), [4] attenuation reflex, [5] cochleostapedial reflex [6] or intra-aural reflex [6]) is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to loud sound stimuli or when the person starts to vocalize.