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A study involving fMRI techniques and 40 students demonstrates that people with math anxiety have increased emotional responsivity to math stimuli. The study suggests that when exposed to math-related stimuli, amygdala activity increases in participants' brain, which lowers the threshold of responding to a potential threat.
Where SR = suppression Ratio, D = responding during CS and B = responding before CS. If SR = 0, there were no responses during the CS and conditioning is strong. If SR = 1/2, the response rate did not change when the CS was presented and there is no evidence of conditioning; It would be unusual for SR to be greater than 1/2.
In psychology, reactance is an unpleasant motivational reaction to offers, persons, rules, regulations, criticisms, advice, recommendations, information, nudges, and messages that are perceived to threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms. Reactance occurs when an individual feels that an agent is attempting to limit one's choice of ...
Within-subject testing of the signaled-reinforcement effect on operant responding as measured by response rate and resistance to change. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 83, 31–45. Shahan, T.A. & Burke, K.A. (2004). Ethanol-maintained responding of rats is more resistant to change in a context with added non-drug reinforcement.
Exercise, an example of response modulation, can be used to down-regulate the physiological and experiential effects of negative emotions. [14] Regular physical activity has also been shown to reduce emotional distress and improve emotional control. [52] Exercise has been proven to increase emotional health and regulation through hormonal ...
Fixed ratio: activity slows after reinforcer is delivered, then response rates increase until the next reinforcer delivery (post-reinforcement pause). Variable ratio: rapid, steady rate of responding; most resistant to extinction. Fixed interval: responding increases towards the end of the interval; poor resistance to extinction.
Behavioral contrast refers to a change in the strength of one response that occurs when the rate of reward of a second response, or of the first response under different conditions, is changed. For example, suppose that a pigeon in an operant chamber pecks a key for food reward.
[15] [16] Similarly, increasing the duration of a stimulus available in a reaction time task was found to produce slightly faster reaction times to visual [15] and auditory stimuli, [17] though these effects tend to be small and are largely consequent of the sensitivity to sensory receptors.