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It is suggested that around two-thirds of bacterial infections in humans involve biofilms. [50] [129] Infections associated with the biofilm growth usually are challenging to eradicate. [130] This is mostly due to the fact that mature biofilms display antimicrobial tolerance, and immune response evasions.
Because biofilms protect the bacteria, they are often more resistant to traditional antimicrobial treatments, making them a serious health risk. [1] For example, there are more than one million cases of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) reported each year, many of which can be attributed to bacterial biofilms. [2]
Infections can be localized or systemic, and are often associated with the insertion of medical devices. [6] [7] [8] The highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat. [5] Its most closely related species is Staphylococcus borealis. [9]
[39] [40] [41] The bacteria may start to cause disease when the host's immune system weakens, such as during a viral respiratory infection, which may lead to S. pyogenes superinfection. [40] [41] S. pyogenes infections are commonly associated with the release of one or more bacterial toxins.
Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital-acquired. [4] S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. [5]
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants, and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway. [30] Staphylococcus aureus can lie dormant in the body for years undetected. Once symptoms begin to show, the host is contagious for another two weeks, and the overall illness lasts a few ...
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet or biofilm of microbial colonies, composed of mainly bacteria and/or archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces, but a few survive in deserts. [1] A few are found as endosymbionts of animals.
The bacteria found in the biofilm elicit a host response resulting in localized inflammation of the tissue. [22] This is characterized by the cardinal signs of inflammation including a red, puffy appearance of the gums and bleeding due to brushing or flossing. [23] Gingivitis due to plaque can be reversible by removal of the plaque.