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The first assumption of the GRW theory is that the wave function (or state vector) represents the most accurate possible specification of the state of a physical system. . This is a feature that the GRW theory shares with the standard Interpretations of quantum mechanics, and distinguishes it from hidden variable theories, like the de Broglie–Bohm theory, according to which the wave function ...
Continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) model; Diósi–Penrose (DP) model; Collapse theories stand in opposition to many-worlds interpretation theories, in that they hold that a process of wave function collapse curtails the branching of the wave function and removes unobserved behaviour.
Other systems have more than one state with the same, lowest energy, and have a non-vanishing "zero-point entropy". For instance, ordinary ice has a zero-point entropy of 3.41 J/(mol⋅K), because its underlying crystal structure possesses multiple configurations with the same energy (a phenomenon known as geometrical frustration).
computational physics, the application of computers and numerical methods to physical systems; econophysics, dealing with physical processes and their relations in the science of economy; environmental physics, the branch of physics concerned with the measurement and analysis of interactions between organisms and their environment
The definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as wave function and matrix mechanics, progressed through many stages.For instance, Erwin Schrödinger originally viewed the electron's wave function as its charge density smeared across space, but Max Born reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's probability density distributed across space; [3]: 24–33 ...
It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses. The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking ...
In stochastic analysis a random process is a predictable process if it is possible to know the next state from the present time. The branch of mathematics known as Chaos Theory focuses on the behavior of systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. It suggests that a small change in an initial condition can completely alter the ...
While the Mermin–Wagner theorem prevents any spontaneous symmetry breaking on a global scale, ordering transitions of Kosterlitz–Thouless–type may be allowed. This is the case for the XY model where the continuous (internal) O(2) symmetry on a spatial lattice of dimension d ≤ 2, i.e. the (spin-)field's expectation value, remains zero for any finite temperature (quantum phase ...