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Rare event sampling is an umbrella term for a group of computer simulation methods intended to selectively sample 'special' regions of the dynamic space of systems which are unlikely to visit those special regions through brute-force simulation.
While a brute-force search is simple to implement and will always find a solution if it exists, implementation costs are proportional to the number of candidate solutions – which in many practical problems tends to grow very quickly as the size of the problem increases (§Combinatorial explosion). [2] Therefore, brute-force search is ...
The brute force approach entails two steps: For each possible policy, sample returns while following it; Choose the policy with the largest expected discounted return; One problem with this is that the number of policies can be large, or even infinite.
A brute-force attack is a cryptanalytic attack that can, in theory, be used to attempt to decrypt any encrypted data (except for data encrypted in an information-theoretically secure manner). [1] Such an attack might be used when it is not possible to take advantage of other weaknesses in an encryption system (if any exist) that would make the ...
Monte Carlo simulation: Drawing a large number of pseudo-random uniform variables from the interval [0,1] at one time, or once at many different times, and assigning values less than or equal to 0.50 as heads and greater than 0.50 as tails, is a Monte Carlo simulation of the behavior of repeatedly tossing a coin.
The Boyer–Moore algorithm searches for occurrences of P in T by performing explicit character comparisons at different alignments. Instead of a brute-force search of all alignments (of which there are + ), Boyer–Moore uses information gained by preprocessing P to skip as many alignments as possible.
This compels brute-force attackers to expend the same effort for each attempt. If this added effort compares to a brute-force key search of all keys with a certain key length, then the input key may be described as stretched by that same length. [1] Key stretching leaves an attacker with two options:
Pollard gives the time complexity of the algorithm as (), using a probabilistic argument based on the assumption that acts pseudorandomly. Since , can be represented using () bits, this is exponential in the problem size (though still a significant improvement over the trivial brute-force algorithm that takes time ()).