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The operation of the diamond anvil cell relies on a simple principle: =, where p is the pressure, F the applied force, and A the area. Typical culet sizes for diamond anvils are 100–250 micrometres (μm), such that a very high pressure is achieved by applying a moderate force on a sample with a small area, rather than applying a large force on a large area.
In absence of oxygen, e.g. in a flow of high-purity argon gas, diamond can be heated up to about 1700 °C. [48] [49] At high pressure (~20 GPa (2,900,000 psi)) diamond can be heated up to 2,500 °C (4,530 °F), [50] and a report published in 2009 suggests that diamond can withstand temperatures of 3,000 °C (5,430 °F) and above. [51]
In science and engineering the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure. High pressure usually means pressures of thousands (kilobars) or millions (megabars) of times atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar or 100,000 Pa).
Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle [58] 5 MPa 700 psi Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of Seawolf-class nuclear submarine, at depth of 500 m [65] [66] 10-21 MPa 1,500–3,000 psi Chamber pressure of a high-powered (non-carbon dioxide) air gun 6.9–27 MPa 1,000–4,000 psi
Ruby spectra R1, R2 lines. The ruby fluorescence pressure scale is an optical method to measure pressure within a sample chamber of a diamond anvil cell apparatus. [1] Since it is an optical method, which fully make use of the transparency of diamond anvils and only requires an access to a small scale laser generator, it has become the most prevalent pressure gauge method in high pressure ...
This exceptionally high value, along with the hardness and transparency of diamond, are the reasons that diamond anvil cells are the main tool for high pressure experiments. [38] These anvils have reached pressures of 600 GPa. [39] Much higher pressures may be possible with nanocrystalline diamonds. [38] [39]
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The higher the cooling capacity, the larger the diamond yield, which can reach 90%. After the synthesis, diamond is extracted from the soot using high-temperature high-pressure boiling in acid for a long period (c. 1–2 days). The boiling removes most of the metal contamination, originating from the chamber materials, and non-diamond carbon.