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Density wave theory is the preferred explanation for the well-defined structure of grand design spirals, [2] first suggested by Chia-Chiao Lin and Frank Shu in 1964. [3] The term "grand design" was not used in this work, but appeared in the 1966 continuation paper; [4] Lin [5] (along with Yuan and Shu [6]) is usually credited with coining of the term.
NGC 1079 is an isolated, weakly barred, grand-design spiral galaxy with transitional ring-like structures [3] containing a number of prominent A type stars. [1] It is located in the Fornax constellation and is part of the Eridanus supercluster. [4] It was first observed and catalogued by the astronomer John Herschel in 1835. [5]
BX442 (Q2343-BX442 [1]) is a grand design spiral galaxy of type Sc. [1] It has a companion dwarf galaxy.It is the most distant known grand design spiral galaxy in the universe, with a redshift of z=2.1765 ± 0.0001. [1]
NGC 1232 is a face-on spiral galaxy. It can be technically considered a grand-design galaxy and is considered a prototype for multi-arm spiral galaxies. [7] Its galactic bulge is small. While NGC 1232 is classified as an intermediate spiral galaxy, the bulge shows hints of a galactic bar. [7]
This is a grand design spiral galaxy that displays no indications of distortion caused by interaction with other galaxies. [5] It has two spiral arms that bifurcate after wrapping halfway around the nucleus. [6] The disk is estimated to be 4.9 ± 2.0 kly (1.5 ± 0.6 kpc) in thickness and it is inclined by roughly 28° to the line of sight. [5]
NGC 4088 is a grand design spiral galaxy. [5] This means that the spiral arms in the galaxy's disk are sharply defined. In visible light, one of the spiral arms appears to have a disconnected segment. Halton Arp included this galaxy in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as one of several examples where this phenomenon occurs. [6]
NGC 6118 is a grand design spiral galaxy located 83 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens (the Snake). It was discovered on 14 April 1785 by German-British astronomer William Herschel. [3] NGC 6118 measures roughly 110,000 light-years across; about the same as our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
NGC 3631 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. It is located at a distance of about 35 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3631 is about 60,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on April 14, 1789. [2] It is a grand design spiral galaxy seen face on.