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  2. Anglo-Saxon runes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes

    J. H. Looijenga, Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700, dissertation, Groningen University (1997). Odenstedt, Bengt, On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script , Uppsala (1990), ISBN 91-85352-20-9 ; chapter 20: 'The position of continental and Anglo-Frisian runic forms in the history of the older futhark '

  3. Armanen runes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armanen_runes

    Armanen runes and their transcriptions. Armanen runes (or Armanen Futharkh) are 18 pseudo-runes, inspired by the historic Younger Futhark runes, invented by Austrian mysticist and Germanic revivalist Guido von List during a state of temporary blindness in 1902, and described in his Das Geheimnis der Runen ("The Secret of the Runes"), published as a periodical article in 1906, and as a ...

  4. Medieval runes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_runes

    The medieval runes, or the futhork, was a Scandinavian runic alphabet that evolved from the Younger Futhark after the introduction of stung (or dotted) ...

  5. Runic inscriptions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_inscriptions

    Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700, dissertation, Groningen University. Looijenga, Tineke (2004). Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12396-2. Lüthi, Katrin (2004). "Von Þruþhild und Hariso: Alemannische und ältere skandinavische Runenkultur im Vergleich".

  6. Runic (Unicode block) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_(Unicode_block)

    The distinction made by Unicode between character and glyph variant is somewhat problematic in the case of the runes; the reason is the high degree of variation of letter shapes in historical inscriptions, with many "characters" appearing in highly variant shapes, and many specific shapes taking the role of a number of different characters over the period of runic use (roughly the 3rd to 14th ...

  7. Ur (rune) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_(rune)

    Ur is the recorded name for the rune ᚢ in both Old English and Old Norse, found as the second rune in all futharks (runic alphabets starting with F, U, Þ, Ą, R, K), i.e. the Germanic Elder Futhark, the Anglo-Frisian Futhark and the Norse Younger Futhark, with continued use in the later medieval runes, early modern runes and Dalecarlian runes.

  8. Younger Futhark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Futhark

    The j rune was rendered superfluous due to Old Norse sound changes, but was kept with the new sound value of a. The old z rune was kept (transliterated in the context of Old Norse as ʀ) but moved to the end of the rune row in the only change of letter ordering in Younger Futhark. The third ætt was reduced by four runes, losing the e, ŋ, o ...

  9. Rune - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune

    A rune is a letter in a set of related alphabets, known as runic rows, runic alphabets or futharks (also, see futhark vs runic alphabet), native to the Germanic peoples of the 1st millennium and beyond. Runes were used to write Germanic languages (with some exceptions) before they adopted the Latin alphabet, and for