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2. Choked flow - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choked_flow

   The flow pattern is exactly the same as in subsonic flow, except that the flow speed at the throat has just reached Mach 1. Flow through the nozzle is now choked since further reductions in the back pressure can't move the point of M=1 away from the throat. However, the flow pattern in the diverging section does change as you lower the back ...

3. Pipe flow - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_flow

   In fluid mechanics, pipe flow is a type of fluid flow within a closed conduit, such as a pipe, duct or tube. It is also called as Internal flow. [1] The other type of flow within a conduit is open channel flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways, but differ in one important aspect.

4. Hagen–Poiseuille equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen–Poiseuille_equation

   Poiseuille flow in annular section. If R 1 is the inner cylinder radii and R 2 is the outer cylinder radii, with constant applied pressure gradient between the two ends G = − ⁠ dp / dx ⁠, the velocity distribution and the volume flux through the annular pipe are

5. Orifice plate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orifice_plate

   Orifice plate showing vena contracta. An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed in a pipe. When a fluid (whether liquid or gaseous) passes through the orifice, its pressure builds up slightly upstream of the orifice [1] but as the fluid is forced to converge to pass through the hole, the velocity increases and the fluid pressure decreases.

6. Hazen–Williams equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen–Williams_equation

   Q = flow, gpm (gallons per minute) C = pipe roughness coefficient; d = inside pipe diameter, in (inches) Note: Caution with U S Customary Units is advised. The equation for head loss in pipes, also referred to as slope, S, expressed in "feet per foot of length" vs. in 'psi per foot of length' as described above, with the inside pipe diameter, d ...

7. Tube (fluid conveyance) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_(fluid_conveyance)

   Both pipe and tube imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose is usually portable and flexible. A tube and pipe may be specified by standard pipe size designations, e.g., nominal pipe size, or by nominal outside or inside diameter and/or wall thickness. The actual dimensions of pipe are usually not the nominal dimensions: A 1-inch ...