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Twilight anesthesia is applied to various types of medical procedures and surgeries. It is a popular choice among surgeons and doctors who are performing anything from minor plastic surgeries to dental work, and procedures that do not require extensive operations or long durations in favor of less nausea and a limited recovery period after surgery.
Most propofol is conjugated in the liver with pharmacologically inactive metabolites. [33] Although it has a long terminal elimination half-life of 4 to 30 hours, plasma concentrations remain low after the typical induction dose. [33]
To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. [13]It is often administered as part of an anesthesia maintenance technique called total intravenous anesthesia, using either manually programmed infusion pumps or computer-controlled infusion pumps in a process called target controlled infusion (TCI).
Propofol can be used for total intravenous anaesthetia (TIVA), therefore supplementation by inhalation agents is not required. [45] General anesthesia is usually considered safe; however, there are reported cases of patients with distortion of taste and/or smell due to local anesthetics, stroke, nerve damage, or as a side effect of general ...
Propofol, an anesthetic medication, confers its own antiemetic properties. Weibel, Rücker, Eberhart et al's 2020 Cochrane review demonstrated that combination therapy is more effective than single anti-emetic, and that dexamethasone and ondansetron (a commonly used combination) are two of the most effective anti-emetics for PONV.
Its effects begin in 2–3 minutes, and last 30–60 minutes. Fentanyl provides analgesia and sedative properties; it does not have any amnestic effects. It was commonly used with midazolam for effective PSA prior to propofol and etomidate.
In the photo, Johnson was also joined by wife Kelley Phleger. The two share three children: 24-year-old Grace, 22-year-old Jasper and 18-year-old Deacon Johnson.
The purpose of anesthesia can be distilled down to three basic goals or endpoints: [2]: 236 hypnosis (a temporary loss of consciousness and with it a loss of memory.In a pharmacological context, the word hypnosis usually has this technical meaning, in contrast to its more familiar lay or psychological meaning of an altered state of consciousness not necessarily caused by drugs—see hypnosis).