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The muscle of the esophagus in many mammals is initially striated but then becomes smooth muscle in the caudal third or so. In canines and ruminants, however, it is entirely striated to allow regurgitation to feed young (canines) or regurgitation to chew cud (ruminants). It is entirely smooth muscle in amphibians, reptiles and birds. [40]
In the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle. In the vas deferens of the spermatic cord, there are three layers: inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal. In the ureter, the smooth muscle orientation is opposite that of the GI tract. There is an inner longitudinal and an outer ...
Swallowing is a complex mechanism using both skeletal muscle and smooth muscles of the pharynx and esophagus. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) coordinates this process in the pharyngeal and esophageal phases. Real-time MRI – swallowing Sagittal view of mouth and pharynx
The muscularis mucosae (or lamina muscularis mucosae) is a thin layer of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria, and separating it from the submucosa. It is present in a continuous fashion from the esophagus to the upper rectum (the exact nomenclature of the rectum's muscle layers is still being debated).
The esophageal gland or pouch is a common feature in so-called basal gastropod clades, including Patelloidea, Vetigastropoda, Cocculiniformia, Neritimorpha and Neomphalina. [ 4 ] The size of the esophageal gland of the scaly-foot gastropod Chrysomallon squamiferum (family Peltospiridae within Neomphalina) is about two orders of magnitude over ...
The muscularis mucosae, a thin layer of smooth muscle. The epithelium, the most exposed part of the mucosa, is a glandular epithelium with many goblet cells . Goblet cells secrete mucus , which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes.
These contractions are suspect in esophageal dysmotility and present on a barium swallow as a "corkscrew esophagus". [9] During vomiting, the propulsion of food up the esophagus and out the mouth comes from the contraction of the abdominal muscles; peristalsis does not reverse in the esophagus. [citation needed]
The pharyngeal muscles are a group of muscles that form the pharynx, which is posterior to the oral cavity, determining the shape of its lumen, and affecting its sound properties as the primary resonating cavity. The pharyngeal muscles (involuntary skeletal) push food into the esophagus.