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Map of Europe in 1815 Sarcophagus of the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II The modern resurgence of parliamentarism and anti-monarchism began with the French Revolution (1789–99). The absolutist Kingdom of France was first transformed to a constitutional monarchy (1791–92) , before being fully abolished on 21 September 1792, and eventually ...
A map of France in 1843 under the July Monarchy. By the French Revolution, the Kingdom of France had expanded to nearly the modern territorial limits. The 19th century would complete the process by the annexation of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice (first during the First Empire, and then definitively in 1860) and some small papal (like Avignon) and foreign possessions.
Before the expansion of early modern European powers, other empires had conquered and colonized territories, such as the Roman Empire in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration between the then most advanced European maritime powers, Portugal and Spain , during the 15th century. [ 2 ]
In the 19th century, starting with the Occupation of Algeria in 1830, France began to establish a new empire in Africa and Southeast Asia. The following is a list of all countries that were part of the French colonial empires from 1534 ; 491 years ago ( 1534 ) to the present, either entirely or in part, either under French sovereignty or as ...
Map depicting the staged French pacification of Morocco through to 1934. The French Colonial Empire established a protectorate in Morocco between the years of 1912 to 1956. France's general approach to governing the protectorate of Morocco was a policy of in-direct rule where they co-opted existing governance systems to control the protectorate ...
In the 19th century, Portugal launched campaigns to solidify Portuguese Africa. The project to connect the two colonies, the Pink Map, was the main objective of Portuguese policy in the 1880s. [199] However, the idea was unacceptable to the British, who had their own aspirations of contiguous British territory running from Cairo to Cape Town.
Relative to Western Europe, Portugal remained stagnant (and thus poor and underdeveloped) for most of the Estado Novo regime (particularly in the first 30 years), but the modernization of the economy and development of the country still started in the last years of the regime, with a period of strong growth from 1961 to 1973. However, the gap ...
This is a list of political entities in the 19th century AD (i.e. 1801–1900). It includes both sovereign states , self-declared unrecognized states, and any political predecessors of current sovereign states.