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The cells of bacteria (prokaryotes), such as salmonella, differ from those of higher-level organisms , such as fish. Antibiotics are chemicals designed to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria while exploiting the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in order to make them relatively harmless in higher-level ...
The cephalosporins (and other β-lactams) have the ability to kill bacteria by inhibiting essential steps in the bacterial cell wall synthesis which in the end results in osmotic lysis and death of the bacterial cell. [2] Cephalosporins are widely used antibiotics because of their clinical efficiency and desirable safety profile. [3]
Streptococcus iniae is a species of Gram-positive, sphere-shaped bacterium belonging to the genus Streptococcus.Since its isolation from an Amazon freshwater dolphin in the 1970s, S. iniae has emerged as a leading fish pathogen in aquaculture operations worldwide, resulting in over US$100M in annual losses.
In deeper bodies of water, a pump mechanism is used to disperse antimycin A through a perforated hose stretching the length of the water column. [citation needed] In aquaculture, antimycin A is used as an agent to enhance catfish production via selective killing small and more sensitive species. When antimycin A is added at 25 ppb it provides a ...
Bacteriophages and their host ranges are extremely specific for certain bacteria, thus, unlike antibiotics, they do not disturb the host organism's intestinal microbiota. [201] Bacteriophages, also known as phages, infect and kill bacteria primarily during lytic cycles.
Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) is a bacterial disease of freshwater fish, specifically salmonid fish. It is caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium psychrophilum (previously classified in the genus Cytophaga ), [ 1 ] a psychrophilic , [ 2 ] gram-negative [ 2 ] rod-shaped bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae . [ 3 ]
Dosages for a 90% kill rate of most bacteria and viruses range between 2,000 and 8,000 μJ/cm 2. Larger parasites such as Cryptosporidium require a lower dose for inactivation. As a result, US EPA has accepted UV disinfection as a method for drinking water plants to obtain Cryptosporidium , Giardia or virus inactivation credits.
By the mid-1950s, there were reports in the United States that milk was not curdling to make cheese. The FDA found that the milk was contaminated with penicillin, which was killing the bacteria required for cheesemaking. In 1963 the World Health Organization reported high levels of penicillin in milk worldwide.