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These patterns can work as the foreground for the commonality of occupational stereotypes. [2] An example. One example of this in action is the expectancy value model. This model describes how expectancies may be linked to gender discrimination in occupations.
Trans and nonbinary leaders whose gender is accepted by others are likely to face that gender’s stereotypes. [30] Predominantly female work spaces are more welcoming to trans women than male settings. [40] [41] White trans men may experience greater privilege in male-dominated environments.
Mandatory gender-based dress codes in the workplace have been referred to as a "Title VII blind spot" by Jessica Robinson, writing for the Nebraska Law Review. [3] In Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989), the US Supreme Court ruled that "sex-role stereotyping" may constitute sex discrimination in a mixed motivation Title XII case.
The stereotype fit hypothesis was developed by Heilman [7] in order to evaluate the current role of women in high-power positions in the workplace. [2] Since Heilman's initial research, many studies have been conducted to determine how women are affected by job positions which are considered to be more masculine.
The gender pay gap has been attributed to differences in personal and workplace characteristics between men and women (such as education, hours worked and occupation), innate behavioral and biological differences between men and women and discrimination in the labor market (such as gender stereotypes and customer and employer bias).
Gender stereotypes arise from the socially approved roles of women and men in the private or public sphere, at home or in the workplace. In the household, women are typically seen as mother figures, which usually places them into a typical classification of being "supportive" or "nurturing".
Ann Hopkins began working as a project manager at the accounting firm Price Waterhouse (now PricewaterhouseCoopers) in 1978.After several years of success in her job, Hopkins claimed she was denied partnership at the firm for two years in a row based on her lack of conformity to stereotypes about how women should act and what they should look like.
The feminization in the workplace destabilized occupational segregation in society. [1]"Throughout the 1990s the cultural turn in geography, entwined with the post-structuralist concept of difference, led to the discarding of the notion of a coherent, bounded, autonomous and independent identity... that was capable of self-determination and progress, in favor of a socially constructed category ...