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This lack of a cure or vaccine is a definite problem in the equine industry, especially in developing countries where equines are highly valuable for both agriculture and transportation. [5] Dourine is considered an endemic problem in developing countries, where over sixty percent of equines in the world are located. [ 4 ]
Equine influenza is characterized by a very high rate of transmission among horses, and has a relatively short incubation time of one to three days. [6] Clinical signs of equine influenza include fever (up to 106 °F [41 °C]), nasal discharge, have a dry, hacking cough, depression, loss of appetite and weakness. [6]
[3] [4] Vaccines are categorised into conventional and next generation vaccines. [5] [6] Animal vaccines have been found to be the most cost effective and sustainable methods of controlling infectious veterinary diseases. [6] In 2017, the veterinary vaccine industry was valued at US$7 billion and it is predicted to reach US$9 billion in 2024. [7]
The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted to include the composition of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages, alongside a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing one influenza B lineage.
The vaccine produces a greater immune response than standard vaccine. According to the CDC, [1] "a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine [25] [in August, 2014] indicated that the high-dose vaccine was 24.2% more effective in preventing flu in adults 65 years of age and older relative to a standard-dose vaccine." The CDC ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 4 October 2024. Horses running at a ranch in Texas Horses have been an important component of American life and culture since before the founding of the nation. In 2023, there were an estimated 6.65 million horses in the United States, with 1.5 million horse owners, 25 million citizens that participate ...
Horses cannot pass the disease among themselves; that is, one horse cannot contract the disease from another infected horse. The horse is a dead-end, or aberrant, host of the parasite. Although all horses are believed to be susceptible to EPM the disease is usually found in younger horses typically around three to six years of age. [2]
The vaccine is administered twice a year, in early spring and in early summer, with the first one inoculation given before the mayflies emerge and the second administered as a booster. [ 1 ] Some veterinarians have started making recommendations for farm management to try to prevent this disease: