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British physiologist Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875-1968) observed acetylcholine for causing blood vessel dilation and slowing down heart rate. In 1914, Dale noted that the physiological effect of acetylcholine resembled the stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system and hypothesized acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter.
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is a type of immune-mediated autonomic failure that is associated with antibodies against the ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor present in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric ganglia. Typical symptoms include gastrointestinal dysmotility, orthostatic hypotension, and tonic pupils. [1]
1) In the body of the stomach, the vagal postganglionic muscarinic nerves release acetylcholine (ACh) which stimulates parietal cell H+ secretion. 2) In the lamina propria of the body of the stomach the ACh released from the vagal endings triggers histamine secretion from ECL cells. Histamine also stimulates H+ secretion from parietal cells.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 1, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, is a muscarinic receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM1 gene. [5] It is localized to 11q13. [5] This receptor is found mediating slow EPSP at the ganglion in the postganglionic nerve, [6] is common in exocrine glands and in the CNS. [7] [8]
Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vicinity of parietal cells, that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine. They are also considered a type of enteroendocrine cell. [1]
[1] [4] Chemicals in this family can act either directly by stimulating the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors (thus mimicking acetylcholine), or indirectly by inhibiting cholinesterase, promoting acetylcholine release, or other mechanisms. [5] Common uses of parasympathomimetics include glaucoma, Sjögren syndrome and underactive bladder. [6]
Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase can cause higher accessibility of acetylcholine and activation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway as well. Tumor necrosis factors (and other cytokines) are produced by cells of the innate immune system during local injury and infection.
The muscarinic M 3 receptor regulates insulin secretion from the pancreas [7] and are an important target for understanding the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus.. Some antipsychotic drugs that are prescribed to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (such as olanzapine and clozapine) have a high risk of diabetes side-effects.
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