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t. e. Fat hydrogenation is the process of combining unsaturated fat with hydrogen in order to partially or completely convert it into saturated fat. Typically this hydrogenation is done with liquid vegetable oils resulting in solid or semi-solid fats. Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes some important physical properties, such ...
Shortening is any fat that is a solid at room temperature and is used to make crumbly pastry and other food products. The idea of shortening dates back to at least the 18th century, well before the invention of modern, shelf-stable vegetable shortening. [1] In the earlier centuries, lard was the primary ingredient used to shorten dough. [2]
Starch gelatinization. Starch gelatinization is a process of breaking down of intermolecular bonds of starch molecules in the presence of water and heat, allowing the hydrogen bonding sites (the hydroxyl hydrogen and oxygen) to engage more water. This irreversibly dissolves the starch granule in water. Water acts as a plasticizer.
The only form of cooking that was slow to develop was baking. Typical dishes among the upper classes were fricassees of various meats with herbs, and sometimes a good amount of claret. Common food among the lower classes was corn porridge or mush, hominy with greens and salt-cured meat, and later the traditional southern fried chicken and ...
Dry pasta manufacturing line from 1930s. The first extruder was designed to manufacture sausages in the 1870s. [4] Dry pasta and breakfast cereals have been produced by extrusion since the 1930s, [2] and the method has been applied to tater tots (first extruded potato product: Ore-Ida in 1953) and pet food production since the 1950s (first extruded dog food: Purina Dog Chow in 1957, and first ...
Main ingredients. Sugar, flour, egg whites, cream of tartar. Media: Angel food cake. Angel food cake, or angel cake, is a type of sponge cake made with egg whites, flour, and sugar. A whipping agent, such as cream of tartar, is commonly added. It differs from other cakes because it uses no butter. Its aerated texture comes from whipped egg white.
Pasteurized milk in Japan A 1912 Chicago Department of Health poster explains household pasteurization to mothers.. In food processing, pasteurization (also pasteurisation) is a process of food preservation in which packaged and unpacked [clarification needed] foods (e.g., milk and fruit juices) are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C (212 °F), to eliminate pathogens and ...
Creaming (cooking) Creaming is used to refer to several different culinary processes. In baking, it is the blending of ingredients with a softened form of a solid fat. When a dish is described as being "creamed", it may mean that it has been poached in milk, cream or a similar liquid. "Creaming" can also refer to the separation of cream from milk.