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Calcium deposits, primarily composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), react with weak acids to form calcium salts that are soluble in water. The general reaction can be represented as follows: CaCO 3 + 2H + → Ca 2+ + CO 2 + H 2 O. Here, H + represents the hydrogen ions provided by the acid
A prompt reaction initiated at the early stage of concrete hardening on very fine silica particles will help to suppress a slow and delayed reaction with larger siliceous aggregates on the long term. Following the same principle, the fabrication of low-pH cement also implies the addition of finely divided pozzolanic materials rich in silicic ...
When atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2), or carbonate ions (HCO − 3, CO 2− 3 dissolved in water) diffuse into concrete from its external surface, they react with calcium hydroxide (portlandite, Ca(OH) 2) and the pH of the concrete pore water progressively decreases from 13.5 – 12.5 to 8.5 (pH of water in equilibrium with calcite).
February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Concrete sealers are applied to concrete to protect it from surface damage, corrosion , and staining. They either block the pores in the concrete to reduce absorption of water and salts or form an impermeable layer which prevents such materials from passing.
It also can be the result of chemical reaction; if badly prepared cement-based mortar is applied to maintain the stone in position, free calcium hydroxide may leach out. In the open air the lime reacts with carbon dioxide to form water-insoluble calcium carbonate that might take the form of powdery efflorescence or dripstone-like crusting.
Another factor in stain removal is the fact that stains can sometimes comprise two separate staining agents, which require separate forms of removal. A machine oil stain could also contain traces of metal, for example. [1] Also of concern is the color of the material that is stained. Some stain removal agents will not only dissolve the stain ...
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