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The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military. The Enigma machine was considered so secure that it was used to encipher the most top ...
The German Navy 4-rotor Enigma machine (M4) which was introduced for U-boat traffic on 1 February 1942. The introduction of the fourth rotor was anticipated because captured material dated January 1941 had made reference to the development of a fourth rotor wheel; [ 2 ] indeed, the wiring of the new fourth rotor had already been worked out.
The Enigma machines were a family of portable cipher machines with rotor scramblers. [1] Good operating procedures, properly enforced, would have made the plugboard Enigma machine unbreakable to the Allies at that time. [2] [3] [4] The German plugboard-equipped Enigma became the principal crypto-system of the German Reich and later of other ...
A series of three rotors from an Enigma machine, used by Germany during World War II Exploded view of an Enigma machine rotor:1-Notched ring, 2-Dot marking the position of the "A" contact, 3-Alphabet "tyre" or ring, 4-Electrical plate contacts, 5-Wire connections, 6-Spring-loaded pin contacts, 7-Spring-loaded ring adjustment pin, 8-Hub, through which fits the central axle, 9-Finger wheel, 10 ...
The Enigma-M4 key machine Key manual of the Kriegsmarine "Der Schlüssel M".. The Enigma-M4 (also called Schlüssel M, more precisely Schlüssel M Form M4) is a rotor key machine that was used for encrypted communication by the German Kriegsmarine during World War II from October 1941.
The plugboard (steckerbrett) on the Enigma is positioned at the front of the machine, below the keys. In the photograph, two pairs of letters are swapped (S-O and J-A). Up to 13 letters can be swapped this way. A plugboard was used on the famous Enigma machine; it was not removable.
It doesn't take a degree in astrophysics or expertise on Albert Einstein to appreciate “White Holes,” theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli's latest book. Rovelli liberally sprinkles quotes from ...
A Zygalski sheet. The method of Zygalski sheets was a cryptologic technique used by the Polish Cipher Bureau before and during World War II, and during the war also by British cryptologists at Bletchley Park, to decrypt messages enciphered on German Enigma machines.