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A papilloma (plural papillomas or papillomata) (papillo-+ -oma) is a benign epithelial tumor [1] growing exophytically (outwardly projecting) in nipple-like and often finger-like fronds. In this context, papilla refers to the projection created by the tumor, not a tumor on an already existing papilla (such as the nipple).
Choroid plexus papilloma, also known as papilloma of the choroid plexus, is a rare benign neuroepithelial intraventricular WHO grade I lesion found in the choroid plexus. [1] It leads to increased cerebrospinal fluid production, thus causing increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus .
Choroid plexus tumors are a rare type of cancer that occur from the brain tissue called choroid plexus of the brain. [3] Choroid plexus tumors are uncommon tumors of the central nervous system that account for 0.5–0.6% of intracranial neoplasms in people of all ages.
Squamous cell papilloma of the mouth or throat is generally diagnosed in people between the ages of 30 and 50, [1] and is normally found on the inside of the cheek, on the tongue, or inside of lips. Oral papillomas are usually painless, and not treated unless they interfere with eating or are causing pain. [ 1 ]
Papillomas caused by some types, however, such as human papillomaviruses 16 and 18, carry a risk of becoming cancerous. [6] Papillomaviruses are usually considered as highly host-and tissue-tropic, and are thought to rarely be transmitted between species. [7] Papillomaviruses replicate exclusively in the basal layer of the body surface tissues.
HPV+OPC presents in one of four ways: as an asymptomatic abnormality in the mouth found by the patient or a health professional such as a dentist; with local symptoms such as pain or infection at the site of the tumor; with difficulties of speech, swallowing, and/or breathing; or as a swelling in the neck (if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes).
The virus cannot bind to live tissue; instead, it infects epithelial tissues through micro-abrasions or other epithelial trauma that exposes segments of the basement membrane. [108] The infectious process is slow, taking 12–24 hours for initiation of transcription.
A common symptom of laryngeal papillomatosis is a change in voice quality. More specifically, hoarseness is observed. [4] [5] As a consequence of the narrowing of the laryngeal or tracheal parts of the airway, shortness of breath, chronic cough and stridor (i.e. noisy breathing which can sound like a whistle or a snore), can be present.