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ortho-Substituted substrates generally give 1-substituted phenanthrenes, unless the substituent is a good leaving group, in which case elimination to form unsubstituted phenanthrene occurs. [11] meta- Substituted substrates give mixtures of 2- and 4-substituted products. Substitution of the exocyclic double bond is well tolerated.
Phenanthrene is used to make dyes, plastics, pesticides, explosives, and drugs. It has also been used to make bile acids, cholesterol and steroids. [3] Phenanthrene occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation of cigarette smoke, but there are many routes of exposure.
It has been prepared by oxidation of phenanthrene with chromic acid. [3] It is used as an artificial mediator for electron acceptor/donor in Mo/W containing formate dehydrogenase reduction of carbon dioxide to formate and vice versa. It is a better electron acceptor than the natural nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +).
The Pschorr cyclization is a name reaction in organic chemistry, which was named after its discoverer, the German chemist Robert Pschorr (1868-1930). It describes the intramolecular substitution of aromatic compounds via aryldiazonium salts as intermediates and is catalyzed by copper.
Oxidative stress mechanisms in tissue injury. Free radical toxicity induced by xenobiotics and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes (termination).. Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. [1]
A new Clean Label Project report suggests some protein powders contain heavy metals lead and cadmium. See which ones are safe here, plus what an expert advises.
It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. The 1,10 refer to the location of the nitrogen atoms that replace CH's in the hydrocarbon called phenanthrene. Abbreviated "phen", it is used as a ligand in coordination chemistry, forming strong complexes with most metal ions. [3] [4] It is often sold as the monohydrate.
The mother and daughter, as well as the four others on the plane, were all killed. A seventh person inside a vehicle was killed on the ground, while 24 others were injured, officials said.