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Surface rupture caused by normal faulting along the Lost River Fault, during the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake. In seismology, surface rupture (or ground rupture, or ground displacement) is the visible offset of the ground surface when an earthquake rupture along a fault affects the Earth's surface.
A tectonic earthquake begins by an initial rupture at a point on the fault surface, a process known as nucleation. The scale of the nucleation zone is uncertain, with some evidence, such as the rupture dimensions of the smallest earthquakes, suggesting that it is smaller than 100 m while other evidence, such as a slow component revealed by low-frequency spectra of some earthquakes, suggest ...
For larger earthquakes, the depth extent of rupture will be constrained downwards by the brittle-ductile transition zone and upwards by the ground surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood because it is difficult either to recreate such rapid movements in a laboratory or to record seismic waves close to a nucleation zone due ...
The earthquake in Turkey that killed more than 3,100 people and set off a series of aftershocks ruptured just over 11 miles beneath the earth’s surface.
With an epicenter near the city of Erzincan, the earthquake rupture propagated westwards for a length of 400 km. [11] Surface ruptures are still visible to this day. Up to 360 km of surface rupture was formed. An average surface displacement of between 2.3 meters and 8.8 meters was calculated. [12] Vertical displacements measured 0.5–2.0 ...
A view of New York City after a 4.8 magnitude earthquake shook parts of New York and New Jersey. ... “There are potential problems if the fault ruptures all the way to the surface, but that's ...
The 1971 San Fernando earthquake (also known as the 1971 Sylmar earthquake) occurred in the early morning of February 9 in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in Southern California. The unanticipated thrust earthquake had a magnitude of 6.5 on the M s scale and 6.6 on the M w scale, and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ).
An aerial view of the La Cañada Flintridge foothills shows dust and dirt thrown into the air following a magnitude 5.9 earthquake from Oct. 1, 1987. ... that ruptured and caused Monday's quake ...