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According to Jacqueline Friedland's "Estimating Unpaid Claims Using Basic Techniques," there are seven steps to apply the chain-ladder technique: Compile claims data in a development triangle; Calculate age-to-age factors; Calculate averages of the age-to-age factors; Select claim development factors; Select tail factor
A universal three-way trade-off produces adaptive strategies throughout the tree of life, with extreme strategies facilitating the survival of genes via: C (competitive), the survival of the individual using traits that maximize resource acquisition and resource control in consistently productive niches; S (stress-tolerant), individual survival via maintenance of metabolic performance in ...
In macroeconomics, the triangle model employed by new Keynesian economics is a model of inflation derived from the Phillips Curve and given its name by Robert J. Gordon. The model views inflation as having three root causes: built-in inflation , demand-pull inflation , and cost-push inflation . [ 1 ]
In developmental economics, the Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle (also called the Growth-Inequality-Poverty Triangle or GIP Triangle) refers to the idea that a country's change in poverty can be fully determined by its change in income growth and income inequality. According to the model, a development strategy must then also be based on ...
Thermoeconomics, also referred to as biophysical economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory. [1] Thermoeconomics can be thought of as the statistical physics of economic value [ 2 ] and is a subfield of econophysics .
Bioeconomics (fisheries), the study of the dynamics of living resources using economic models; Bioeconomics (biophysical), the study of economic systems applying the laws of thermodynamics; Biological economics, the study of the relationship between human biology and economics; Bioeconomics, the social theory of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
He was the first to claim optimality under his own criterion or to support the claim by convincing arguments. [ citation needed ] He defines equilibrium more abstractly than Edgeworth as a state which would maintain itself indefinitely in the absence of external pressures [ 11 ] and shows that in an exchange economy it is the point at which a ...
On the other hand, the common definition of adaptation is a central concept in evolution: a trait that was functional to the reproductive success of the organism and that is thus now present due to being selected for; that is, function and evolution are inseparable.