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Any antiretroviral drug: Black tar heroin: Whoonga, Nyaope [8] Widespread use in South Africa. Whoonga is classically reputed to be a combination of heroin with antiretroviral drugs such as ritonavir and/or efavirenz, often combined with additional drugs such as cannabis or hashish, methamphetamine and/or methaqualone: Any deliriant or diphen ...
Interactions with other drugs, food and drink, and other factors may increase or decrease the effect of certain analgesics and alter their half-life. Because some listed analgesics are prodrugs or have active metabolites, individual variation in liver enzymes (e.g., CYP2D6 enzyme) may result in significantly altered effects.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers safe beverages containing less than 0.02% caffeine; [291] but caffeine powder, which is sold as a dietary supplement, is unregulated. [292] It is a regulatory requirement that the label of most prepackaged foods must declare a list of ingredients, including food additives such as caffeine, in ...
This page provides supplementary chemical data on caffeine. Caffeine ... LD 50 (median dose) 192 mg/kg (rat, oral) [3] Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0405 This ...
Caffeine can cause a physical dependence, if consumed in excessive amounts. [3] The need for caffeine can be identified when individuals feel headaches, fatigue and muscle pain 24 hours after their last energy drink. [4] Some commercially distributed drinks contain guarana, a South American berry with a caffeine content about twice that of ...
Caffeine can be used as a probe for three different enzymes by measuring several of its urinary metabolites and comparing their relative concentrations. The 'Cooperstown 5 + 1 cocktail', [ 2 ] in addition to the four drug probes mentioned above, incorporates warfarin as well.
Caffeine is considered one of the most widely consumed drugs around the world. Around 80% of the world population consumes caffeine in one form or another. [ 2 ] It is found in coffee , tea , caffeinated alcoholic drinks , cocoa , chocolate , soft drinks , especially cola , and is an important component of energy drinks and other dietary ...
Clinical trials indicate that the most effective dose is approximately 20mg of ephedrine and 200mg of caffeine, [6] while the most effective dose of aspirin has not been well-studied. [ citation needed ] However, this dosage has not been recommended by regulatory agencies such as the FDA and do not take into consideration mitigation of adverse ...