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The availability heuristic (also known as the availability bias) is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater "availability" in memory, which can be influenced by how recent the memories are or how unusual or emotionally charged they may be. [20] The availability heuristic includes or involves the following:
Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality. Although it may seem like such misperceptions would be aberrations, biases can help humans find commonalities and shortcuts to assist in the navigation of common situations in life.
The list of cognitive biases has long been a topic of critique. In psychology a "rationality war" [72] unfolded between Gerd Gigerenzer and the Kahneman and Tversky school, which pivoted on whether biases are primarily defects of human cognition or the result of behavioural patterns that are actually adaptive or "ecologically rational" [73 ...
Heuristics (from Ancient Greek εὑρίσκω, heurískō, "I find, discover") is the process by which humans use mental shortcuts to arrive at decisions. Heuristics are simple strategies that humans, animals, [1] [2] [3] organizations, [4] and even machines [5] use to quickly form judgments, make decisions, and find solutions to complex problems.
Thinking, Fast and Slow is a 2011 popular science book by psychologist Daniel Kahneman.The book's main thesis is a differentiation between two modes of thought: "System 1" is fast, instinctive and emotional; "System 2" is slower, more deliberative, and more logical.
Others have argued that these biases result from the application of social heuristics depending on the structure of the environment that they operate in. [13] Researchers in the latter approach treat the study of social heuristics as closely linked to social rationality, a field of research that applies the ideas of bounded rationality and ...
"Fluency Heuristic" or similar appears to be missing from the list. In contrast to the "Rhyme as Reason", the Fluency Heuristic applies to a wider set of statements beyond those that rhyme but also have an increased ease of cognitive processing (eg catchphrases), as is supported by the information on the page dedicated to the Fluency_heuristic .
Attribute substitution is a psychological process thought to underlie a number of cognitive biases and perceptual illusions.It occurs when an individual has to make a judgment (of a target attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead substitutes a more easily calculated heuristic attribute. [1]