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Generally, the soft c pronunciation occurs before i e y ; it also occurs before ae and oe in a number of Greek and Latin loanwords (such as coelacanth, caecum, caesar). The hard c pronunciation occurs everywhere else [4] except in the letter combinations sc , ch , and sch which have distinct pronunciation rules.
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
Latin words in common use in English are generally fully assimilated into the English sound system, with little to mark them as foreign; for example, cranium, saliva. Other words have a stronger Latin feel to them, usually because of spelling features such as the digraphs ae and oe (occasionally written with the ligatures: æ and œ ...
The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
A phonogram is a grapheme i.e. one or more written characters which represent a phoneme (speech sound), [1] rather than a bigger linguistic unit such as morphemes or words. [2] For example, "igh" is an English-language phonogram that represents the / aɪ / sound in "high".
Words beginning with /sC/ receive an initial supporting vowel [ɪ], unless they are preceded by a word ending in a vowel, as in [ˈskɔla] > [ɪsˈkɔla]. [23] The earliest unambiguous attestations occur in inscriptions of the second century AD. [24] In some languages, such as Spanish, word-initial /sC/ remains phonologically forbidden to this day.
The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_+ and t_-' or t_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter U+0236 ȶ LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CURL; ȶ ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ɕ, ʑ ), which is used especially in sinological circles.
Words marked with subscript A or B are exceptions to this, and thus retains a full vowel in the (relatively) unstressed syllable of AmE or BrE. A subsequent asterisk, *, means that the full vowel is usually retained; a preceding * means that the full vowel is sometimes retained. Words with other points of difference are listed in a later table.