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Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected by the bite or sting of a venomous animal. [ 1 ] Many kinds of animals, including mammals (e.g., the northern short-tailed shrew , Blarina brevicauda ), reptiles (e.g., the king cobra ), [ 2 ] spiders (e.g., black widows ), [ 3 ] insects (e.g., wasps ), and fish (e.g., stone fish ) employ ...
Venom is produced in a specialised gland (or glands) and is delivered through hollow fangs or a stinger in a process called envenomation. The main function of venom is to disrupt the physiological processes of the wounded animal through neurotoxic cytotoxic, myotoxic, or haemotoxic mechanisms. This can then help in certain processes such as ...
A spider envenomation occurs whenever a spider injects venom into the skin. Not all spider bites inject venom – a dry bite, and the amount of venom injected can vary based on the type of spider and the circumstances of the encounter. The mechanical injury from a spider bite is not a serious concern for humans.
Although the notoriously dangerous species of box jellyfish are largely restricted to the tropical Indo-Pacific region, various species of box jellyfish can be found widely in tropical and subtropical oceans (between 42° N and 42 °S), [4] including the Atlantic Ocean and the east Pacific Ocean, with species as far north as California ...
The venom of Vespa luctuosa has the highest recorded toxicity to mice of any wasp species tested. The LD 50 of the venom is 1.6 mg/kg. The toxicity (measured against mice) per weight of Vespa luctuosa venom is higher than that of the larger Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), which has an LD 50 of 4.0 mg/kg, but which is responsible for many more human deaths than Vespa luctuosa due to the ...
There is a lot of evidence to support the venom metering hypothesis. For example, snakes frequently use more venom during defensive strikes, administer more venom to larger prey, and are capable of dry biting. A dry bite is a bite from a venomous snake that results in very little or no venom expulsion, leaving the target asymptomatic. [89]
The Philippine cobra occurs mostly in the northern regions of the Philippines. They can be found on the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Catanduanes, and Masbate. This species likely may occur in other neighboring islands, but this remains unconfirmed. Records from the Calamianes group and Palawan require confirmation. [8]
In Australia, C. fleckeri has caused at least 64 deaths since the first report in 1883, [17] but most encounters appear to result only in mild envenomation. [18] Among 225 analyzed C. fleckeri stings in Australia's Top End from 1991 to 2004, only 8% required hospital admission, 5% received antivenom and there was a single fatality (a 3-year-old ...