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  2. Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeric_precision_in...

    Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate; mathematically, the bottom line should be the same as the top line, in 'fp-math' the step '1 + 1/9000' leads to a rounding up as the first bit of the 14 bit tail '10111000110010' of the mantissa falling off the table when adding 1 is a '1', this up-rounding is not undone when subtracting the 1 again, since there is no ...

  3. Rounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding

    In a guideline issued in mid-1966, [49] the U.S. Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology determined that weather data should be rounded to the nearest round number, with the "round half up" tie-breaking rule. For example, 1.5 rounded to integer should become 2, and −1.5 should become −1.

  4. Round-off error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-off_error

    Round-by-chop: The base-expansion of is truncated after the ()-th digit. This rounding rule is biased because it always moves the result toward zero. Round-to-nearest: () is set to the nearest floating-point number to . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal ...

  5. Catastrophic cancellation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic_cancellation

    In IEEE 754 binary64 arithmetic, evaluating the alternative factoring (+) gives the correct result exactly (with no rounding), but evaluating the naive expression gives the floating-point number = _, of which less than half the digits are correct and the other (underlined) digits reflect the missing terms +, lost due to rounding when ...

  6. Kahan summation algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_summation_algorithm

    = 2.80000 - 2.75987 As expected, the low-order parts can be retained in c with no or minor round-off effects. = 0.0401300 In this iteration, t was a bit too high, the excess will be subtracted off in next iteration. sum = 10005.9 Exact result is 10005.85987, sum is correct, rounded to 6 digits.

  7. Interval arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_arithmetic

    Tolerance function (turquoise) and interval-valued approximation (red). Interval arithmetic (also known as interval mathematics; interval analysis or interval computation) is a mathematical technique used to mitigate rounding and measurement errors in mathematical computation by computing function bounds.

  8. Floating-point error mitigation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_error...

    The IEEE 754 standard defines precision as the number of digits available to represent real numbers. A programming language can include single precision (32 bits), double precision (64 bits), and quadruple precision (128 bits).

  9. Unit in the last place - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_in_the_last_place

    Here we start with 0 in single precision (binary32) and repeatedly add 1 until the operation does not change the value. Since the significand for a single-precision number contains 24 bits, the first integer that is not exactly representable is 2 24 +1, and this value rounds to 2 24 in round to nearest, ties to even.