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Alternatively, the crown area can be measured and crown spread calculated from that value. EasyAcreage [8] is a Google Earth area measurement tool that calculates the area of any shape outlined on the Google Earth display. The perimeter of the tree can be traced on a satellite photo, and the software will calculate the area.
Chart illustrating leaf morphology terms. The following terms are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (that is, the leaf blade or 'lamina' is undivided) or compound (that is, the leaf blade is divided into two or more leaflets). [1]
Thinning from below – this low thinning can be split into 4 Grades: A Grade is a very light thinning, that removes all overtopped trees Kraft crown class 4 and 5. B Grade is a very light thinning that removes overtopped trees and intermediates which are Kraft Crown class 4,5 and some 3s, C Grade and D Grade are a moderate and heavy thinning respectively removing anything that will not lead ...
Later authors have modified the classes and have sometimes used leaf length as a simpler measure than leaf area if the leaf shape is approximately an ellipse. For example, L.J. Webb [3] used size classes: Microphyll: less than 2,025 square millimetres; Notophyll: 2,025–4,500 square millimetres; Mesophyll: greater than 4,500 square millimetres
It is theorized that this process can also occur in response to lack of water, in order to reduce the surface area where water can be lost. [1] This natural shedding of branches is called cladoptosis. Specialized pruning practices may be applied to certain plants, such as roses, fruit trees, and grapevines. Different pruning techniques may be ...
In a variety of species, drought decreases specific leaf area. [14] [15] [16] For example, under drought conditions, leaves were, on average, smaller than leaves on control plants. [17] This is a logical observation, as a relative decrease in surface area would mean that there would be fewer ways for water to be lost.
The definition “half the total leaf area per unit horizontal ground surface area” is suitable for all kinds of leaves and flat or sloping surfaces. [4] A leaf area index (LAI) expresses the leaf area per unit ground or trunk surface area of a plant and is commonly used as an indicator of the growth rate of a plant.
where A is the total leaf area of a plant. The first component is called the 'Leaf Area Ratio' (LAR) and indicates how much leaf area there is per unit total plant mass. For young plants, values are often in the range of 1–20 m 2 kg −1, for tree seedlings they are generally less.