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Checking tire pressure with a spring and piston tire-pressure gauge. Pressure measurement is the measurement of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum.
The Pirani gauge is a robust thermal conductivity gauge used for the measurement of the pressures in vacuum systems. [1] It was invented in 1906 by Marcello Pirani. [2] Marcello Stefano Pirani was a German physicist working for Siemens & Halske which was involved in the vacuum lamp industry. In 1905 their product was tantalum lamps which ...
Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge. [40] The kenotometer is a particular type of hydrostatic gauge, typically used in power plants using steam turbines.
The hot-filament ionization gauge, sometimes called a hot-filament gauge or hot-cathode gauge, is the most widely used low-pressure (vacuum) measuring device for the region from 10 −3 to 10 −10 Torr. It is a triode, with the filament being the cathode. Note: Principles are mostly the same for hot-cathode ion sources in particle accelerators ...
However, the inch of mercury is still used today in car performance modification to measure the amount of vacuum or pressure within the engine's intake manifold. This can be seen on "boost gauges (forced induction) or vacuum gauges (natural induction), which give a rough indication of the relative power being produced at any given time.
Mercury pressure gauge. An open (differential) mercury pressure gauge. A mercury pressure gauge is a type of manometer using mercury as the working fluid. The most basic form of this instrument is a U-shaped glass tube filled with mercury. More complex versions deal with very high pressure or have better means of filling with mercury.
Penning trap. A cylindrical version of a Penning trap, with open endcaps to permit axial access. B indicates the magnetic field, and E indicates the electric field used for storage of the particles in the trap centre. A Penning trap is a device for the storage of charged particles using a homogeneous magnetic field and a quadrupole electric field.
A McLeod gauge is a scientific instrument used to measure very low pressures, down to 10 −6 Torr (0.133 m Pa). It was invented in 1874 by Herbert McLeod (1841–1923). [1] McLeod gauges were once commonly found attached to equipment that operates under vacuum, such as a lyophilizer. Today, however, these gauges have largely been replaced by ...
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